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Platanthera

Platanthera bifolia plate
Platanthera bifolia plate from
Flore Illustree de Nice et des Alpes-Maritimes, Iconographie des Orchidees

Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family:Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Orchideae
SubTribe: Orchidinae
Alliance:
Genus: Platanthera
L.C.Rich. 1817
Type Species
Platanthera bifolia


The genus Platanthera abbreviated as P. in horticultural trade, belongs to the subfamily Orchidoideae of the family Orchidaceae, and is comprised of about 100 species of orchids.

Distribution[]

These orchids may be found distributed about the subarctic and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere: from Scandinavia to North Africa, Madeira, Iceland, Asia Minor, Russia, the Himalayas, North America and Alaska. Areas of particular diversity include the North America, with 32 species, and eastern Asia, with a similar number of species.

Description[]

Species of Platanthera are perennial terrestrial herbs, erect in habit. The roots are fasciculate and typically fleshy and slender, although they may be somewhat tuberous; if tuberous they are lanceolate to fusiform and not ovoid. The leaves are generally fleshy and range from oblong or ovoid to lanceolate. Leaf shape often varies with the lower leaves more ovoid in shape, progressively becoming more lanceolate as they progress up the scape; floral bracts, if present, are lanceolate to linear. The base of the leaves typically sheathes the stem. The inflorescence is terminal and solitary, and the flowers form a cylindrical spike that ranges from sparse to dense. The flowers are typically resupinate, and often showy and colorful. The petals and labellum are typically entire, but in a number of North American species they may be fringed or edentate; in this group of species the labellum is also often deeply lobed or auricuate. The seed capsules are cylindrical and ridged.

These terrestrial orchids develop in a wide range of soil types and habitats, from strongly basic soils to deeply acidic bog soils, from forest openings and in clearings within the forest to open tundra. In all cases they require moist soils and are not found in dry or desert locations. While their fleshy tuberculous roots can store water, allowing them to survive temporary drought, they cannot survived extended drought.

Platanthera may be distinguished from Orchis and Habenaria by the absence of stigmatic processes, and the absence of ovoid roots.

Culture[]

Naming[]

Louis Claude Richard chose the name Platanthera for this genus; it comes from the Greek and means "broad or wide anther," referring to the separation of the base of the pollinia in the type species of the genus. Richard felt that this characteristic distinguished the genus Platanthera from both the genus Orchis and the genus Habenaria. However, today the defining characteristics of the genus are generally accepted to be the absence of both stigmatic processes (typical in Habenaria) and ovoid root-tuberoids (characteristic of both Habenaria and Orchis).

Synonyms[]

  1. Lysias Salisb. 1900
  2. Tulotis Raf. 1833

Species[]

  • Platanthera albomarginata Kraenzl., 1901.
  • Platanthera algeriensis Batt. & Trab., 1892.
  • Platanthera alpinipaludosa P.Royen, 1979.
  • Platanthera altigena Schltr., 1924.
  • Platanthera angustata (Blume) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera angustilabris Seidenf., 1995.
  • Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak, 1999.
  • Platanthera arcuata Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera arfakensis Renz, 1987.
  • Platanthera bakeriana (King & Pantl.) Kraenzl., 1899.
  • Platanthera bhutanica K.Inoue, 1986.
  • Platanthera biermanniana (King & Pantl.) Kraenzl., 1899.
  • Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich., 1817.
    • Platanthera bifolia var. bifolia.
    • Platanthera bifolia var. kuenkelei (H.Baumann) P.Delforge, 2000.
  • Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl., 1835.
    • Platanthera blephariglottis var. blephariglottis.
    • Platanthera blephariglottis var. conspicua (Nash) Luer, 1972.
  • Platanthera blumei Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera boninensis Koidz., 1919.
  • Platanthera borneensis (Ridl.) J.J.Wood in J.J.Wood & al., 1993.
  • Platanthera brevicalcarata Hayata, 1911.
  • Platanthera brevifolia (Greene) Senghas, 1973.
  • Platanthera calderoniae López-Ferr. & Espejo, 1994.
  • Platanthera camtschatica (Cham.) Soó, 1969.
  • Platanthera chapmanii (Small) Luer, 1972.
  • Platanthera chiloglossa (Tang & F.T.Wang) K.Y.Lang, 1994.
  • Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. in J.C.Mössler, 1829.
  • Platanthera chorisiana (Cham.) Rchb.f. in H.G.L.Reichenbach, 1851.
  • Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer, 1972.
  • Platanthera clavigera Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera convallariifolia (Fisch. ex Lindl.) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera crassinervia (Ames & C.Schweinf.) J.J.Sm., 1927.
  • Platanthera cristata (Michx.) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera cumminsiana (King & Pantl.) Renz, 2001.
  • Platanthera curvata K.Y.Lang, 1987.
  • Platanthera damingshanica K.Y.Lang & H.S.Guo, 1993.
  • Platanthera deflexilabella K.Y.Lang, 1982.
  • Platanthera delavayi Schltr., 1911.
  • Platanthera densa Freyn, 1896.
  • Platanthera devolii (T.P.Lin & T.W.Hu) T.P.Lin & K.Inoue, 1980.
  • Platanthera dyeriana (King & Pantl.) Kraenzl., 1899.
  • Platanthera edgeworthii (Hook.f. ex Collett) R.K.Gupta, 1968.
  • Platanthera elliptica J.J.Sm., 1914.
  • Platanthera epiphytica Aver. & Efimov, 2006.
  • Platanthera exelliana Soó, 1929.
  • Platanthera finetiana Schltr., 1910.
  • Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl., 1835.
    • Platanthera flava var. flava.
    • Platanthera flava var. herbiola (R.Br.) Luer,1975.
  • Platanthera florentia Franch. & Sav., 1878.
  • Platanthera fuscescens (L.) Kraenzl., 1899.
  • Platanthera gibbsiae Rolfe, J. Linn. 1914.
  • Platanthera grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera handel-mazzettii K.Inoue, 1986.
  • Platanthera henryi (Rolfe) Kraenzl., 1899.
  • Platanthera herminioides Tang & F.T.Wang, 1951.
  • Platanthera heyneana Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera holmboei H.Lindb., 1942.
  • Platanthera hologlottis Maxim., 1859.
    • Platanthera hologlottis var. glossophora (W.W.Sm.) K.Inoue, 1983.
    • Platanthera hologlottis var. hologlottis.
  • Platanthera hookeri (Torr.) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera huronensis Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera iinumae Makino, 1902.
  • Platanthera integra (Nutt.) A.Gray ex L.C.Beck, 1848.
  • Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Luer, 1975.
  • Platanthera japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera kinabaluensis Kraenzl. ex Rolfe, 1914.
  • Platanthera komarovii Schltr., 1918.
  • Platanthera kwangsiensis K.Y.Lang, 1998.
  • Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G.Don in R.Sweet, 1839.
  • Platanthera lancilabris Schltr., 1921.
  • Platanthera latilabris Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera leptocaulon (Hook.f.) Tang & F.T.Wang, 1951.
  • Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera likiangensis Tang & F.T.Wang, 1951.
  • Platanthera limosa Lindl.,1840.
  • Platanthera longibracteata Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera longicalcarata Hayata, 1911.
  • Platanthera longiglandula K.Y.Lang, 1982.
  • Platanthera mandarinorum Rchb.f.,1852.
    • Platanthera mandarinorum subsp. formosana T.P.Lin & K.Inoue, 1980.
    • Platanthera mandarinorum subsp. mandarinorum.
    • Platanthera mandarinorum subsp. pachyglossa (Hayata) T.P.Lin & K.Inoue, 1980.
  • Platanthera maximowicziana Schltr., 1919.
  • Platanthera metabifolia F.Maek., 1935.
  • Platanthera micrantha (Hochst.) Schltr., 1920.
  • Platanthera minax Schltr., 1922.
  • Platanthera minor (Miq.) Rchb.f., 1878.
  • Platanthera minutiflora Schltr., 1924.
  • Platanthera multibracteata (W.W.Sm.) Schltr., 1924.
  • Platanthera neglecta Schltr., 1919.
  • Platanthera nivea (Nutt.) Luer, 1972.
  • Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Lindl., 1835.
    • Platanthera obtusata subsp. obtusata.
    • Platanthera obtusata subsp. oligantha (Turcz.) Hultén, 1943.
  • Platanthera okuboi Makino, 1905.
  • Platanthera omeiensis (Rolfe) Schltr., 1919.
  • Platanthera ophiocephala (W.W.Sm.) Tang & F.T.Wang, 1940.
  • Platanthera ophrydioides F.Schmidt, 1868.
  • Platanthera opsimantha Tang & F.T.Wang, 1940.
  • Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl., 1835.
    • Platanthera orbiculata var. macrophylla (Goldie) Luer, 1975.
    • Platanthera orbiculata var. orbiculata.
  • Platanthera oreophila (W.W.Sm.) Schltr., 1924.
  • Platanthera pachycaulon (Hook.f.) Soó, 1929.
  • Platanthera pallida P.M.Br., 1992.
  • Platanthera papuana Schltr., 1911.
  • Platanthera peichiatieniana S.S.Ying, 1987.
  • Platanthera peramoena A.Gray, 1848.
  • Platanthera praeclara Sheviak & M.L.Bowles, 1986.
  • Platanthera praeustipetala Kraenzl., 1921.
  • Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera pugionifera (W.W.Sm.) Schltr., 1924.
  • Platanthera purpurascens (Rydb.) Sheviak & W.F.Jenn., 1997.
  • Platanthera replicata (A.Rich.) Ackerman, 1997.
  • Platanthera robinsonii J.J.Sm., 1917.
  • Platanthera roseotincta (W.W.Sm.) Tang & F.T.Wang, 1940.
  • Platanthera rotundifolia (Banks ex Pursh) Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera sachalinensis F.Schmidt, 1868.
  • Platanthera saprophytica J.J.Sm., 1927.
  • Platanthera setchuenica Kraenzl., 1900.
  • Platanthera shensiana (Kraenzl.) Tang & F.T.Wang, 1951.
  • Platanthera sigmoidea Maek., 1935.
  • Platanthera sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Kraenzl., 1899.
  • Platanthera sinica Tang & F.T.Wang, 1951.
  • Platanthera sonoharae Masam., 1964.
  • Platanthera souliei Kraenzl., Repert. 1908.
  • Platanthera sparsiflora (S.Watson) Schltr., 1899.
  • Platanthera stapfii Kraenzl. ex Rolfe, 1914.
  • Platanthera stenantha (Hook.f.) Soó, 1929.
  • Platanthera stenoglossa Hayata, 1914.
    • Platanthera stenoglossa subsp. hottae K.Inoue, 1981.
    • Platanthera stenoglossa subsp. iriomotensis (Masam.) K.Inoue, 1981.
    • Platanthera stenoglossa subsp. stenoglossa.
  • Platanthera stenophylla Tang & F.T.Wang, 1951.
  • Platanthera stricta Lindl., 1835.
  • Platanthera subulifera (W.W.Sm.) Schltr., 1924.
  • Platanthera tescamnis Sheviak & W.F.Jenn., 2006.
  • Platanthera tipuloides (L.f.) Lindl., 1835.
    • Platanthera tipuloides var. behringiana (Rydb.) Hultén, 1968.
    • Platanthera tipuloides var. tipuloides.
  • Platanthera undulata J.J.Sm., 1905.
  • Platanthera ussuriensis (Regel) Maxim., 1887.
  • Platanthera winkleriana Schltr., 1922.
  • Platanthera yakumontana Masam.,1934.
  • Platanthera yangmeiensis T.P.Lin, 1980.
  • Platanthera yosemitensis Colwell, Sheviak & P.E.Moore, 2007.
  • Platanthera zothecina (L.C.Higgins & S.L.Welsh) Kartesz & Gandhi, 1990.

Natural Hybrids[]

  • Platanthera × andrewsii (M.White) Luer, 1975.
  • Platanthera × apalachicola P.M.Br. & S.L.Stewart, 2003.
  • Platanthera × beckneri P.M.Br., 2002.
  • Platanthera × bicolor (Raf.) Luer, 1972.
  • Platanthera × canbyi (Ames) Luer, 1972.
  • Platanthera × channellii Folsom, 1984.
  • Platanthera × hollandiae Catling & Brownell, 1999.
  • Platanthera × hybrida Brügger, 1880.
  • Platanthera × lueri P.M.Br., 2002.
  • Platanthera × mixta Efimov, 2006.
  • Platanthera × okubo-hachijoensis K.Inoue, 1983.
  • Platanthera × ophryotipuloides K.Inoue, 1983.
  • Platanthera × osceola P.M.Br. & S.L.Stewart, 2003.
  • Platanthera × reznicekii Catling, Brownell & G.Allen, 1999.
  • Platanthera × vossii F.W.Case, 1983.

References[]

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